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What is the meaning and scope of the phrase ‘transfer of right to use such goods’?
Transfer of right to use goods is a well recognized constitutional and legal concept. Every transfer of goods on lease, license or hiring basis does not result in transfer of right to use goods. Transfer of right of goods involves transfer of possession and effective control over such goods in terms of the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of State of Andhra Pradesh v. Rashtriya lspat Nigam Ltd [Judgment dated 6/2/2002 in Civil Appeal no. 31 of 1991]. Transfer of custody along with permission to use or enjoy such goods, per se, does not lead to transfer of possession and effective control.
The test laid down by the Supreme Court in the case of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited v. Union of India [STO 2006 SC 19] to determine whether a transaction involves transfer of right to use goods, which has been followed by the Supreme Court and various High Courts, is as follows:
► There must be goods available for delivery;
►There must be a consensus ad idem as to the identity of the goods;
►The transferee should have legal right to use the goods – consequently all legal consequences of such use including any permissions or licenses required therefore should be available to the transferee;
►For the period during which the transferee has such legal right, it has to be the exclusion to the transferor – this is the necessary concomitant of the plain language of the statute, viz., a ‘transfer of the right to use’ and not merely a license to use the goods;
►Having transferred, the owner cannot again transfer the same right to others.
Whether a transaction amounts to transfer of right or not cannot be determined with reference to a particular word or clause in the agreement. The agreement has to be read as a whole, to determine the nature of the transaction.
Whether the transactions listed in column 1 of the table below involve transfer of right to use goods?
| Sr. No. |
Nature of transaction |
Whether transaction involves transfer of right to use |
| 1. |
A car is given on hire by a person to a company along with a driver on payment of charges on per month/mileage basis |
Right to use is not transferred as the car owner retains the permissions and licenses relating to the cab. Therefore possession and effective control remains with the owner (Delhi High Court Judgment in the case of International Travel House in Sales Tax Appeal no 10/2009 refers). The service is, therefore covered in the declared list entry. |
| 2. |
Supply of equipment like excavators, wheel loaders, dump trucks, cranes, etc for use in a particular project where the person to whom such equipment is supplied is subject to such terms and conditions in the contract relating to the manner of use of such equipment, return of such equipment after a specified time, maintenance and upkeep of such equipment. The receiver is not free to use such equipment in any manner as he likes and conditions have been imposed on use and control of such equipment. |
The transaction will not involve transfer of right to use such equipment as in terms of the agreement the possession and effective control over such equipment has not been transferred even though the custody may have been transferred along with permission to use such equipment. |
| 3. |
Hiring of bank lockers |
The transaction does not involve the right to use goods as possession of the lockers is not transferred to the hirer even though the contents of the locker would be in the possession of the hirer.(refer to Andhra Pradesh High Court Judgment in the case of State Bank of India v. State of Andhra Pradesh). |
| 4. |
Hiring out of vehicles where it is the responsibility of the owner to abide by all the laws relating to motor vehicles. |
No transfer of right to use goods as effective control and possession is not transferred (Allahabad High Court judgement in Ahuja Goods Agency v. State of UP [(1997)106STC540] refers) |
| 5. |
Hiring of audio visual equipment where risk is of the owner |
No transfer of right to use goods as effective control and possession is not transferred |
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